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Learn about ovarian cysts – types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. A complete medical guide with FAQs for women’s health.
Introduction
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops inside or on the surface of a woman’s ovary. Most ovarian cysts are harmless and go away on their own, but some may cause symptoms like pain, bloating, or menstrual irregularities. In rare cases, ovarian cysts can be serious and require medical treatment.
What is an Ovarian Cyst?
An ovarian cyst is a sac filled with fluid, semi-solid material, or blood, located on one or both ovaries. Women of all ages can develop cysts, but they are most common during the reproductive years.
Types of Ovarian Cysts
1. Functional Cysts (most common, usually harmless)
Follicular cysts – form when the egg is not released.
Corpus luteum cysts – form after ovulation when the sac seals off and fills with fluid.
2. Pathological Cysts (may need treatment)
Dermoid cysts – contain tissues like hair or fat.
Cystadenomas – fluid-filled growths on the ovary surface.
Endometriomas – caused by endometriosis, often filled with blood.
Causes and Risk Factors
Hormonal imbalance
Pregnancy
Endometriosis
Severe pelvic infections
Previous ovarian cyst history
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Symptoms of Ovarian Cyst
Many cysts cause no symptoms. When symptoms appear, they may include:
Pelvic pain (dull or sharp, often on one side)
Bloating or abdominal fullness
Pain during intercourse
Painful or irregular periods
Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
Lower back pain
Sudden, severe abdominal pain may indicate a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion, which is a medical emergency.
Diagnosis
Doctors may use:
Pelvic ultrasound (most common test)
Blood tests (CA-125 for cancer risk, hormone levels)
CT or MRI scan (for complex cases)
Pregnancy test (to rule out ectopic pregnancy)
Treatment of Ovarian Cysts
Treatment depends on size, type, and symptoms:
1. Watchful waiting – Many cysts resolve naturally in 1–3 months.
2. Medications – Birth control pills may help prevent new cysts.
3. Surgery –
Cystectomy – removal of the cyst.
Oophorectomy – removal of the affected ovary if necessary.
4. Emergency treatment – For ruptured cysts or ovarian torsion.
Complications
Ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary, cutting blood supply)
Ruptured cyst (severe pain and internal bleeding)
Infertility (with severe endometriomas or PCOS)
Rarely, ovarian cancer (especially in post-menopausal women)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. Are ovarian cysts dangerous?
Answer: Most are harmless and disappear on their own, but some can cause complications or rarely be cancerous.
2. Can ovarian cysts cause infertility?
Answer: Functional cysts usually don’t, but conditions like PCOS or endometriomas may affect fertility.
3. What is the difference between a cyst and a tumor?
Answer: A cyst is a fluid-filled sac, while a tumor is an abnormal solid mass of tissue. Most ovarian cysts are non-cancerous.
4. How do I know if my cyst is serious?
Answer: Severe abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, or rapid breathing can indicate a rupture or torsion. Seek emergency care.
5. Can lifestyle changes help?
Answer: Healthy diet, weight management, and regular check-ups can reduce risks, especially for women with PCOS.
Conclusion
Ovarian cysts are common in women and are often harmless. However, monitoring symptoms, regular check-ups, and early treatment are important to prevent complications. Always consult a gynecologist if you experience persistent pelvic pain or irregular menstrual cycles.
Dr. Tahmina Akhtar
MBBSDGO (DU)
Infertility Specialist Gynecologist & Obstetrician
18 Years of Experience Overall
BMDC Reg.: Coming Soon
ID: D75HY58
