Definition:
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It occurs when a woman’s ovaries produce an excessive amount of male hormones (androgens), which can interfere with ovulation. As a result, women may experience irregular periods, difficulty conceiving, and other metabolic and physical health issues.
Causes of PCOS
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but several factors contribute:
1. Hormonal Imbalance:
High levels of androgens can prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs regularly.
2. Insulin Resistance:
Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which increases insulin levels and stimulates extra androgen production, often leading to weight gain.
3. Genetics:
PCOS can run in families. If a mother or sister has PCOS, the risk is higher.
4. Low-grade Inflammation:
Chronic inflammation may trigger increased androgen levels.
Symptoms of PCOS
Symptoms vary from woman to woman, but commonly include:
Irregular Periods: Infrequent, absent, or heavy menstrual bleeding.
Excess Hair Growth: On the face, chest, or back (hirsutism).
Acne or Oily Skin: Persistent skin issues.
Hair Thinning: Hair loss from the scalp.
Weight Gain: Especially around the abdomen.
Darkened Skin: Particularly along neck creases, under the breasts, or in the groin area.
Skin Tags: Small skin growths, often on the neck or armpits.
Fertility Issues: Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation.
Complications of PCOS
If untreated, PCOS can lead to:
Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes
High blood pressure and increased risk of heart disease
Sleep apnea
Endometrial cancer
Obesity-related health problems
Diagnosis of PCOS
Diagnosis is based on symptoms, blood tests, and imaging studies:
1. Medical History and Physical Exam:
Assessing menstrual patterns, weight, and physical signs like excess hair or acne.
2. Blood Tests:
Hormone levels (testosterone, LH, FSH, insulin)
Blood sugar and cholesterol levels
3. Ultrasound:
Checking for enlarged ovaries or multiple small cysts (usually 12 or more follicles per ovary)
Note: Not all women with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries.
Treatment of PCOS
The treatment of PCOS focuses on managing symptoms and reducing health risks.
1. Lifestyle Changes
Weight Management: Losing 5–10% of body weight can improve symptoms.
Healthy Diet: Low glycemic index foods, vegetables, fruits, and protein-rich meals.
Regular Exercise: Both cardio and strength training are beneficial.
2. Medications
Hormonal Contraceptives: Regulate periods and reduce androgen levels.
Anti-Androgen Medications: Reduce excess hair growth and acne.
Metformin: Improves insulin sensitivity and may restore normal periods.
Fertility Treatments: Clomiphene citrate or Letrozole can stimulate ovulation for women trying to conceive.
3. Surgery (Rare Cases)
Ovarian Drilling: A laparoscopic procedure for women who do not respond to medications.
Tips for Managing PCOS
Track your menstrual cycle and symptoms regularly.
Maintain a balanced diet rich in whole foods.
Exercise consistently, combining cardio and strength training.
Reduce stress with yoga, meditation, or relaxation techniques.
Regularly consult a gynecologist or endocrinologist for check-ups.
Conclusion:
PCOS is common but manageable with proper care. Lifestyle changes, medications, and regular medical monitoring can help women live healthy lives, manage symptoms, and improve fertility outcomes. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are key to preventing complications.
Dr. Tahmina Akhtar
MBBSDGO (DU)
Infertility Specialist Gynecologist & Obstetrician
18 Years of Experience Overall
BMDC Reg.: Coming Soon
ID: D75HY58
